Haihuwar ɗakin tsabta
Bunƙasa da haɓaka dukkan fasahohi ya faru ne saboda buƙatun samarwa. Fasahar ɗaki mai tsabta ba banda ba ce. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an sake yin amfani da na'urorin gyroscope masu ɗauke da iska da aka samar a Amurka don kewaya jiragen sama, matsakaicin sau 120 ga kowane na'urorin gyroscope 10 saboda rashin inganci. A lokacin Yaƙin Tsibirin Koriya a farkon shekarun 1950, an maye gurbin kayan lantarki sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin kayan aikin sadarwa na lantarki 160,000 a Amurka. Lalacewar radar ta faru kashi 84% na lokaci, kuma lalacewar sonar na ƙarƙashin ruwa ta faru kashi 48% na lokaci. Dalilin shi ne cewa na'urorin lantarki da sassan suna da rashin aminci da rashin inganci. Sojoji da masana'antun sun binciki musabbabin kuma daga ƙarshe sun gano daga fannoni da yawa cewa yana da alaƙa da yanayin samarwa mara tsabta. Kodayake ba a rage kuɗi ba kuma an ɗauki matakai daban-daban masu tsauri don rufe taron samar da kayayyaki, sakamakon bai yi yawa ba. Don haka wannan shine haihuwar ɗakin tsabta!
Ci gaban ɗaki mai tsabta
Mataki na farko: Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1950, matatar iska mai inganci ta HEPA, wacce Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Amurka ta ƙirƙiro cikin nasara a shekarar 1951 don magance matsalar kama ƙurar rediyoaktif mai cutarwa ga mutane, an yi amfani da ita a tsarin isar da kayan aiki na bita. Tacewar iska ta haifar da ɗaki mai tsabta mai mahimmanci na zamani.
Mataki na biyu: A shekarar 1961, Willis Whitfield, babban mai bincike a Sandia National Laboratories da ke Amurka, ya gabatar da abin da ake kira kwararar laminar a lokacin, kuma yanzu ana kiransa kwararar unidirectional. (kwararar unidirectional) tsarin tsara kwararar iska mai tsafta kuma an yi amfani da shi ga ayyukan da suka dace. Tun daga lokacin, ɗakin tsafta ya kai wani matakin tsafta da ba a taɓa gani ba.
Mataki na uku: A wannan shekarar, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta tsara kuma ta fitar da ka'idar TO-00-25--203 ta rundunar sojin sama "Ma'aunin Tsarin da Halayen Aiki na Tsabtace Ɗakuna da Benci Mai Tsabta." A kan wannan tushe, an sanar da ka'idar tarayya ta Amurka FED-STD-209, wacce ta raba ɗakunan tsafta zuwa matakai uku, a watan Disamba na 1963. Zuwa yanzu, an samar da samfurin fasahar ɗakunan tsafta mai kyau.
Ana yaba wa muhimman ci gaban da aka samu a sama guda uku a matsayin muhimman ci gaba guda uku a tarihin gina dakunan tsafta na zamani.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, ɗakunan tsafta sun fara bayyana a fannoni daban-daban na masana'antu a Amurka. Ba wai kawai ana amfani da shi a masana'antar soja ba, har ma ana tallata shi a fannin lantarki, na'urorin gani, ƙananan bearings, ƙananan injina, fina-finan daukar hoto, na'urorin sinadarai masu tsarki da sauran fannoni na masana'antu, wanda hakan ya taka rawa sosai wajen haɓaka ci gaban kimiyya, fasaha da masana'antu a wancan lokacin. Don haka, ga cikakken bayani game da ƙasashen cikin gida da na waje.
Kwatanta ci gaba
A ƙasashen waje: A farkon shekarun 1950, domin magance matsalar kama ƙurar rediyoaktif da ke cutar da jikin ɗan adam, Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Amurka ta gabatar da matatar iska mai inganci (HEPA) a shekarar 1950, wadda ta zama ginshiƙi na farko a tarihin ci gaban fasahar tsabta. A shekarun 1960, an samar da ɗakunan tsafta a cikin injunan lantarki da sauran masana'antu a Amurka. A lokaci guda, an fara dasa fasahar tsabtace ɗakin masana'antu zuwa ɗakunan tsabta na halittu. A shekarar 1961, an samar da ɗakin tsabta na laminar (wanda ke gudana ta hanya ɗaya). An kafa tsarin tsabtace ɗakin tsabta na farko a duniya - Dokar Fasaha ta Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka 203. A farkon shekarun 1970, an fara mayar da hankali kan gina ɗakin tsabta zuwa masana'antun likitanci, magunguna, abinci da sinadarai. Baya ga Amurka, sauran ƙasashe masu ci gaba a masana'antu kamar Japan, Jamus, Burtaniya, Faransa, Switzerland, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, Netherlands, da sauransu. suma suna ba da muhimmanci ga kuma haɓaka fasahar tsabta. Bayan shekarun 1980, Amurka da Japan sun yi nasarar ƙirƙiro sabbin matatun mai na ultra-hepa tare da manufar tacewa ta 0.1 μm da kuma ingancin tattarawa na 99.99%. A ƙarshe, an gina ɗakunan tsafta na ultra-hepa tare da matakin 0.1 μm na 10 da matakin 0.1 μm na 1, wanda ya kawo ci gaban fasaha mai tsabta zuwa wani sabon zamani.
China: Tun daga farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, waɗannan shekaru goma sune farkon da kuma farkon fasahar tsabtace ɗaki ta China. Kimanin shekaru goma bayan haka fiye da ƙasashen waje. Lokaci ne na musamman da wahala, tare da rauni tattalin arziki da rashin diflomasiyya mai ƙarfi a ƙasashe. A ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayi mai wahala da kuma buƙatun injunan da suka dace, kayan aikin jiragen sama da masana'antun lantarki, ma'aikatan fasahar tsabtace ɗaki ta China sun fara tafiyarsu ta kasuwanci. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, fasahar tsabtace ɗaki ta China ta fuskanci wani matakin ci gaba mai haske. A cikin tsarin haɓaka fasahar tsabtace ɗaki ta China, an haifi manyan nasarori da yawa a wannan matakin. Alamun sun kai matakin fasaha na ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1980. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa yanzu, tattalin arzikin China ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin kwanciyar hankali da sauri, ana ci gaba da zuba jari a ƙasashen waje, kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi na ƙasashen duniya da dama sun gina masana'antun microelectronics da yawa a China a jere. Saboda haka, fasahar cikin gida da masu bincike suna da ƙarin damar tuntuɓar ra'ayoyin ƙira na ɗakunan tsafta na ƙasashen waje kai tsaye, da kuma fahimtar kayan aiki da na'urori na zamani na duniya, gudanarwa da kulawa, da sauransu.
Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, kamfanonin tsabtace dakunan wanka na kasar Sin suma suna ci gaba da bunkasa cikin sauri. Matsayin rayuwar mutane yana ci gaba da ingantawa, kuma bukatunsu na muhallin zama da ingancin rayuwa suna karuwa. An daidaita fasahar injiniyan tsafta dakunan wanka a hankali don tsaftace iskar gida. A halin yanzu, ayyukan tsafta na kasar Sin ba wai kawai sun dace da kayan lantarki, kayan lantarki, magunguna, abinci, binciken kimiyya da sauran masana'antu ba, har ma ana iya amfani da su a gidaje, wuraren nishaɗi na jama'a, cibiyoyin ilimi, da sauransu. Tare da ci gaba da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, kamfanonin injiniyan tsafta dakunan wanka sun bazu zuwa dubban gidaje a hankali. Girman masana'antar kayan tsafta dakunan wanka na gida shi ma yana karuwa kowace rana, kuma mutane sun fara jin daɗin tasirin injiniyan tsafta dakunan wanka a hankali.
Lokacin Saƙo: Satumba-20-2023